Contributions of paraecologists and parataxonomists to research,conservation, and social development

Citizen science has been gaining momentum in the United States and Europe, where citizens are literate and often interested in science. However, in developing countries, which have a dire need for environmental data, such programs are slow to emerge, despite the large and untapped human resources in close proximity to areas of high biodiversity and poorly known floras and faunas. Thus, we propose that the parataxonomist and paraecologist approach, which originates from citizen‐based science, is well suited to rural areas in developing countries. Being a paraecologist or a parataxonomist is a vocation and entails full‐time employment underpinned by extensive training, whereas citizen science involves the temporary engagement of volunteers. Both approaches have their merits depending on the context and objectives of the research. We examined 4 ongoing paraecologist or parataxonomist programs in Costa Rica, India, Papua New Guinea, and southern Africa and compared their origins, long‐term objectives, implementation strategies, activities, key challenges, achievements, and implications for resident communities. The programs supported ongoing research on biodiversity assessment, monitoring, and management, and participants engaged in non‐academic capacity development in these fields. The programs in Southern Africa related to specific projects, whereas the programs in Costa Rica, India, and Papua New Guinea were designed for the long term, provided sufficient funding was available. The main focus of the paraecologists’ and parataxonomists’ activities ranged from collection and processing of specimens (Costa Rica and Papua New Guinea) or of socioeconomic and natural science data (India and Southern Africa) to communication between scientists and residents (India and Southern Africa). As members of both the local land user and research communities, paraecologists and parataxonomists can greatly improve the flow of biodiversity information to all users, from local stakeholders to international academia.     

基于ANP和SPA的民航飞行员安全能力评价

飞行员安全能力是飞行员排班、机组搭配、掌握飞行员安全状态的重要依据,为客观、准确地对飞行员安全能力进行评价,对安全管理能力内涵进行了界定,找到了评价飞行员安全能力的4个二级指标,共17个三级指标。后来用网络层次分析法(ANP)对各影响因素的影响力进行排序,确定了指标的综合权重。综合考虑飞行员安全能力各影响因素之间的不确定性、模糊性,采用集对分析方法(SPA)进行评价。最后将集对分析法和网络层次分析结合构建的评价模型运用于某航空公司飞行员安全能力评价,结果与实际情况基本一致,说明了该方法的有效性。     

上海宁波两港集装箱航运网络研究（2004~2015年）

港口之间的竞争不仅仅是对陆向腹地货源的竞争，还是对海向腹地特别是航线的争夺。选取上海和宁波为样本，以网络分析软件Gephi和ArcGIS为基本工具，通过复杂网络指标分析上海宁波两港2004~2015年航运地位的变化，以航区为海向腹地的基本空间单元，刻画上海、宁波两港海向腹地市场的变动格局。研究发现：上海港一直保持中国航运网络中的中心地位，近年来，宁波港的网络地位明显上升，中心性与中介性在中国大陆各港口中仅落后于上海港而排在第二位；两港口市场覆盖范围不断扩张，宁波港在近洋航线上不如上海港，但在远洋航线的地中海、西北欧、南亚、北美东西两岸、南美东西两岸、非洲东西两岸等两港覆盖的港口数旗鼓相当；两港口在各航区的首位联系港具有一致性，但至2015年，上海港与美国东部纽约等港口的主要联系被宁波港所取代。在研究数据选取上，采用了航线数据，突破了现有研究以吞吐量数据为主的限制，在研究方法上采用了可视化网络分析软件，将定性数据进行了定量化转化，大大提升了研究成果的可靠性。     

Comparison of ANN,MVR, and SWR models for computing thermal efficiency of a solar still

In this paper, the viability of modeling the instantaneous thermal efficiency (η_ith) of a solar still was determined using meteorological and operational data with an artificial neural network (ANN), multivariate regression (MVR), and stepwise regression (SWR). This study used meteorological and operational variables to hypothesize the effect of solar still performance. In the ANN model, nine variables were used as input parameters: Julian day, ambient temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, solar radiation, feed water temperature, brine water temperature, total dissolved solids of feed water, and total dissolved solids of brine water. The η_ith was represented by one node in the output layer. The same parameters were used in the MVR and SWR models. The advantages and disadvantages were discussed to provide different points of view for the models. The performance evaluation criteria indicated that the ANN model was better than the MVR and SWR models. The mean coefficient of determination for the ANN model was about 13% and14% more accurate than those of the MVR and SWR models, respectively. In addition, the mean root mean square error values of 6.534% and 6.589% for the MVR and SWR models, respectively, were almost double that of the mean values for the ANN model. Although both MVR and SWR models provided similar results, those for the MVR were comparatively better. The relative errors of predicted η_ith values for the ANN model were mostly in the vicinity of ±10%. Consequently, the use of the ANN model is preferred, due to its high precision in predicting η_ith compared to the MVR and SWR models. This study should be extremely beneficial to those coping with the design of solar stills.     

上海市黄浦江河网氮污染输入负荷分析和量化计算

河流氮素污染已成为上海市区域内主要环境问题之一。在GLOBAL-NEWS2模型的基础上,对上海市区域河网氮污染输入负荷进行计算和建模。河流氮污染输入负荷模型包括点源输入、非点源输入和上游输入3个部分。结果表明,上海市区域河网氮污染输入负荷总量估算值为68.39Gg/a,其中点源氮输入负荷为15.43Gg/a,非点源氮输入负荷为41.29Gg/a,上游氮输入负荷为11.67Gg/a。非点源输入所占比例最大(60.37%),而其中又以农业氮肥输入为主(19.05Gg/a)。因此,要减少河流氮污染输入负荷,限制农业活动中氮肥的施用量是行之有效的途径。将上海市河网作为一个封闭边界的氮循环流域尺度进行建模和分析,未来需进一步研究氮在流域内的子循环过程。     

福州内河河网精细水流水质数学模型研究

文章在前人研究的基础上，根据感潮河网地区水体的水动力、水质特性，建立了河网一雏水动力和水质模型，并进行了模型验证。结果表明水动力模型计算值能够较好的吻合实洲值，能正确反映涨落潮趋势，水质模型能正确反映污染物受涨落潮影响在河网内回荡的变化情况。本研究成果对解决福州市水环境问题提供了一定的理论基础，具有一定的指导意义。     

浅谈地理信息系统与排水模型软件的结合使用

随着城市排水系统信息化管理要求的提出与实践，城市排水管网地理信息系统和排水管网建模日益受到大家的重视。传统的排水管网建模方法耗时长、建模效率低。排水管网地理信息系统和排水管网模型结合使用的方式可缩短建模周期，提高排水管网建模的科学性，该研究对加快排水管网系统信息化建设有积极作用。     

基于元胞自动机的弱视条件下群体疏散的仿真研究

根据人在弱视情况下的行为特征,建立基于元胞自动机的逃生模型,对弱视情况下的人群疏散进行了模拟。模拟过程中考虑了人的学习能力及人与人之间的相互作用等因素,模型加入吸引子使模拟人的疏散行为更为灵活。基于人能通过熟悉周围环境作出合理判断的学习能力,引入了"积累步长"的概念,使人的沟通判断能力(走过的路径、边界和出口位置通过交流能够获取)在模型中得到体现。获取足够信息的人可以避免多余的寻找,降低了逃生时间,体现了"人多力量大"的互助行为。通过大量的模拟实验,并讨论不同的环境条件对人群疏散的影响。     

TiO2/Ni PECO体系降解DMP的动力学和光电协同作用研究

以采用微波辅助法制备的TiO₂/Ni光电极为阳极，纤维状石墨毡材料(graphite felt,GF)为阴极，饱和甘汞电极(saturated calomel electrode, SCE)为参比电极建立TiO₂/Ni 光电催化氧化（PECO）体系。以邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（dimethy phthalate,DMP）为目标物，研究其光电催化降解反应动力学和光电协同作用。结果显示：DMP的降解符合拟一级动力学规律；当DMP初始浓度一定时，影响DMP光电催化降解速率的因素由强到弱依次为：催化剂有效面积，紫外光强度，曝氧速率，外加偏转电压等。实验证明本体系中光电之间具有协同作用。     

危险品运输网络中运输方式和路径优化研究

在危险品运输网络中，往往有多种运输方式和多条运输路径。不同运输方式在不同路径上发生事故所造成的损失不同，不同运输方式的单位运输成本也不同。本文研究了在给定运输起点和终点的情况下，在综合考虑事故所造成的损失最小和运输成本最小的情况下，运输方式和运输路径的选择方法。通过一个仿真例子说明了模型的求解方法和实际效果，并与单一运输方式的方案进行了对比。结果表明考虑运输方式的组合，在一定程度上可以降低危险品运输过程中的社会总期望损失和运输成本。